• Biological and pharmacological underpinnings increasingly framed addiction as a bodily state, foregrounding biochemistry, tolerance, and dependence in animal and human studies across opioids and alcohol [3], [6], [13], [16], [20].

• Conceptual shifts from disease-centric models toward harm-reduction, abstinence debates, and critical views of treatment policies reveal evolving disciplinary narratives [1], [5], [8], [18], [19].

• Clinical practice advances include structured behavioral therapies and long-term outcome research, signaling early adoption of evidence-based approaches in addiction treatment [7], [9], [14], [19].

• Developmental and population-level patterns are highlighted through adolescent trajectories and adult drinking patterns, framing prevention and policy implications [2], [10], [17].

• Public-health oriented discourse and cultural narratives around drinking and drug use shape perceived norms, policy, and approaches to abstinence versus non-abstinence strategies [5], [8], [12], [19].